Transcription is the first step in gene expression, where genetic information is transferred from DNA to RNA. This DNA-dependent process, catalyzed by RNA polymerase, produces various RNA species such as mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA. Transcription occurs in three phases-initiation, elongation, and termination-and is tightly regulated by proteins and DNA elements like promoters, enhancers, and silencers. Gene regulation determines which genes are active, how strongly they are transcribed, and responds to cellular and environmental signals. Disruptions in these mechanisms can lead to developmental disorders and diseases such as cancer.
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